What are two approaches to science?

• A. Theoretical science and applied science
• B. Discovery science and Hypothesis driven science
• C. Qualitative science and Quantitative science
• D. Observational science and Experimental science

Answer: (B)

Two main ways science is practiced are discovery science and hypothesis-driven science. In discovery science, scientists collect and analyze large amounts of observational data to describe how systems work and to uncover patterns, often without starting with a specific prediction. This approach builds a broad understanding from what is observed and recorded in the world, such as mapping genomes or cataloging species, and the insights can point researchers toward new questions.

In hypothesis-driven science, researchers start with a testable prediction and design experiments to confirm or refute it. This method uses controlled testing, manipulating one variable at a time to determine cause-and-effect relationships, which sharpens our understanding of mechanisms and processes.

These two modes are complementary, with observations sometimes suggesting hypotheses and experiments sometimes revealing new patterns for discovery. The other pairings mix up different ideas: theoretical versus applied describes aims rather than approaches; qualitative versus quantitative refers to types of data; and observational versus experimental highlights methods of data collection rather than the overall way science advances.